Interspecific pollen transfer between two coflowering species was minimized by bumblebee fidelity and differential pollen placement on the bumblebee body

Aims When sympatric flowering plant species in a natural community share pollinators, study of plant–plant interactions via interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) is essential for understanding species coexistence. However, little is known about the extent of IPT between interactive species and its causes.Methods To explore how sympatric flowering plants sharing pollinators minimize deleterious effects of IPT, we investigated the pollination ecology of two endemic species, Salvia przewalskii and Delphinium yuanum, in an alpine meadow in the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China. We quantified conspecific and interspecific visits by shared bumblebee pollinators, amounts of pollen placed on different body sites of the pollinators and stigmatic pollen loads on open-pollinated flowers. To examine whether IPT affects female fitness, we measured pollen germination and seed production in the two species in an artificial pollination experiment.Important findings One bumblebee species, Bombus trifasciatus, was found to be the sole effective pollinator for the two coflowering species. Pollination experiments indicated that deposition of heterospecific pollen could significantly decrease seed set in both species. Experiments showed that S. przewalskii pollen could germinate well on stigmas of D. yuanum, inhibiting conspecific pollen germination in D. yuanum. However, seed set was not lower under open pollination than under cross-pollination within species, suggesting that no female fitness loss was caused by IPT. In foraging bouts with pollinator switches, switches from S. przewalskii to D. yuanum were relatively more frequent (8.27%) than the converse (1.72%). However, IPT from S. przewalskii to D. yuanum accounted for only 1.82% of total stigmatic pollen loads while the reverse IPT to S. przewalskii was 8.70%, indicating that more switches of bumblebees to D. yuanum did not result in higher IPT. By contrast, selection for reduced IPT to S. przewalskii would limit pollinator switches from D. yuanum. We found that a bumblebee generally carried pollen grains from both species but the two species differed in the position of pollen placement on the bumblebee's body; S. przewalskii ' s pollen was concentrated on the dorsal thorax while D. yuanum ' s pollen was concentrated ventrally on the head. This differential pollen placement along with pollinator fidelity largely reduced IPT between the two species with a shared pollinator.     

稀有植物裸果木的组织培养及植株再生

对稀有植物裸果木进行组织培养研究,在MS培养基上裸果木的下胚轴脱分化形成愈伤组织,并进一步分化形成再生植株。激素种类及其浓度是器官脱分化与植株再生的决定因素。诱导下胚轴形成愈伤组织的最适培养基为MS 1mg／L 6-BA 0．5mg／L NAA;芽分化诱导的最适培养基为MS 1 mg／L6-BA;生根的最适培养基为不含任何激素的1／2MS培养基。     

三种鼠尾草注射液对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

本文研究了云南产鼠尾草属药物滇丹参、甘西鼠尾、褐毛甘西鼠尾对急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用 ,并与丹参进行对比其疗效的相似性。结扎大鼠冠脉左前降支 ,30分钟后剪断结扎线造成心肌缺血再灌注模型 ,经股静脉给药。测定再灌注 6 0分钟后血清中CK、LDH、SOD、GSH -Px和MDA含量。结果滇丹参、甘西鼠尾、褐毛甘西鼠尾可以显著降低心肌缺血再灌注后血清CK、LDH和MDA含量 ,升高血清SOD和GSH -Px活力 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ,与丹参有相似的抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤作用。     

生态环境对甘肃河西荒漠蜥蜴多样性的调控

本文对甘肃河西地区荒漠蜥蜴及其环境因子的生态数据通过数学建模,利用SPSS／PC^ 软件在计算机上运行求解,将各种生态因子按其对蜥蜴多样性的重要性程度排序,并通过聚类分析对12个调查地区分类。确定了决定甘肃河西多数地区荒漠蜥蜴多样性的主导因子依次是植被类型的多样性、海拔、降水量、年平均气温、7月平均最高气温。通常植被类型复杂多样,海拔低,降水量少,年均温和月平均最高气温的地区蜥蜴种类多;植被类型少,海拔高、降不量少、年均和7月平均最高气温低的地区蜥蜴种类少。由于特殊原因,少数地区各主导因子的作用有一定变化。从而揭示了环境因子调控蜥蜴多样性的综合机制。     

The Chemical Constituents of Swertia przewalskii Pissjauk.

Seven xanthonenoid compounds and a triterpenic acid have been isolated from Swertia przewalskii Pissjauk. Their structures were identified as 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxarthone(Ⅰ), 1,7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone (Ⅱ), oleanolic acid (Ⅲ), l-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone (Ⅳ), 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (Ⅴ), 8-0-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(l--6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]- 1,7-dihydr0xy- 3-methoxyxanthone (Ⅵ), 1-O- [β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-7,8-dihydroxy- 3-methoxyxanthone (Ⅶ) and 1-O- [β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyanthone (Ⅷ) respectively, by means of chemical and spectral methods or comparing with the authentic samples directly.     

青海湖裸鲤生活史类型的研究

用模糊聚类法定量研究了青海湖裸鲤的生活史类型,以平衡产量模式进行了验证,并用世代生物量法探讨了其合理捕捞强度与捕捞年龄.结果表明：青海湖裸鲤属比较典型的k-选择类型鱼类;青海湖裸鲤平衡产量曲线与达氏鳇的平衡产量曲线非常相似;青海湖裸鲤的临界年龄为15.67龄,整个世代生物量在11～16龄达到最大;建议对青海湖裸鲤进行捕捞的最小捕捞年龄为12龄,捕捞强度不超过0.1.     

利用稳定同位素技术分析青海湖优势水鸟的营养级结构

2008年4—6月对青海湖湖区主要水鸟的稳定性碳和氮同位素组成进行了测定,依据营养级间的同位素富集效应以及营养级计算模型（TL_水鸟=3+ (δ¹⁵N_水鸟－1.78－δ¹⁵N_浮游动物)/3.8）,分析并确定了主要水鸟在生态系统中的营养级层次。相对于水生动物而言,水鸟的δ¹⁵N具有明显的富集效应,而δ¹³C不显著。依据稳定性同位素的营养富集效应模型,通过普通鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax carbo）和青海湖裸鲤（Gymnocypris przewalskii）间δ¹⁵N的比对,确定了该系统中排泄尿酸的水鸟稳定性氮同位素的富集因子为1.78‰。利用δ¹⁵N建立了稳定同位素比值与营养层次的关系。浮游植物、浮游动物、青海钩虾（Gammarus suifunensis）、裸鲤和水鸟的营养层次分别为1.64—2.06、2.35—2.83、2.63、3.64—4.20和3.35—4.93。由于湖区普通鸬鹚、渔鸥（Larus ichthyaetus）、棕头鸥（Larus brunnicephalus）和凤头（Podiceps cristatus）的食物来源主要是湖体中的裸鲤,由模型计算得到它们处在最高的营养级阶层;赤麻鸭（Tadorna ferruginea）、普通燕鸥（Sterna hirundo）和红脚鹬（Tringa totanus）属杂食性水鸟,营养阶层居中;而斑头雁（Anser indicus）由于主要以水生和陆生植物为食,处在最低的营养阶层。裸鲤资源未来的状况必将影响到普通鸬鹚、渔鸥、棕头鸥,以及凤头的生长、繁衍以及整个系统的群落结构和稳定性。     

坡向对海拔梯度上祁连圆柏树木生长的影响

选择青海省同德县南部河北林场的一个连续坡面,根据不同海拔和坡向设置4个采样点,采集祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)树轮数据,分析不同海拔和坡向对树木生长的影响。结果表明:坡面上部3个采样点的树轮年表特征值均呈一定的变化规律——平均敏感值(MS)和标准差(SD)随海拔升高而增大,一阶自相关(AC)随海拔升高而递减,下限年表特征值均表现出与其他3点的不同,都是最值(MS和SD均最大,AC最小);年表间相关和主成分分析结果都显示出海拔梯度上的变化规律,但下限差异显著;树轮指数与当年6–8月平均气温的相关系数呈增强趋势,森林上限受当年7、8月平均气温影响较大,下限树轮指数不仅与当年6月和前一年11月的气温显著负相关,而且受前一年8月和当年5月的月降水量影响显著。与通常情况"下限树木生长受降水制约"比较,这里的温度作用增强而降水限制减弱。显然,坡向扭转是海拔梯度上影响祁连圆柏生长变化的重要因子。     

气候变化对6种荒漠植物分布的潜在影响

分析气候变化对植物分布的影响,对保护生物多样性具有重要意义。利用CART(分类和回归树)模型及A2和B2情景,分析了气候变化对短叶假木贼(Anabasis brevifolia)、裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammoden-dron)、膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)、驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)和喀什膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii var.kaschgarica)分布范围及空间格局的影响。结果表明:气候变化下,这些植物目前适宜分布范围减小;从新适宜及总适宜分布范围而言,短叶假木贼和梭梭从1991-2020年到2051-2080年时段增加,之后减小,其它植物从1991-2020年到2081-2100年时段减小;喀什膜果麻黄和驼绒藜适宜分布范围减小并破碎化,其它植物向目前适宜分布的西部、西北部(或青海西南部)、昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山区扩展;除驼绒藜和喀什膜果麻黄与年均气温变化具显著相关性外,其它植物分布范围与年均气温和降水量变化的相关性较弱(P0.05),除驼绒藜、喀什膜果麻黄和裸果木目前分布范围与年均气温和降水量变化的回归关系较强外,其它植物分布范围与年均气温和年降水量变化多元线性回归关系较弱。上述研究结果表明,气候变化下,这些植物空间分布格局改变,目前分布范围减少,新适宜及总适宜分布范围近期增加,随着气候变化程度的增强,又逐渐减小。